The showy flat-topped clusters measure about 3 (7.5 cm) across. After this walking tour through the Missouri Botanical Garden, you will be well-versed in the variety of the Viburnum genus. Known as cranberry bush viburnum, V. trilobum bears masses of bright-red berries that often persist through winter. Shop all vegetable producing plants including cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, cucumbers & more! This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Specialized Pruning Techniques: Stooling, Sucker Removal, and Lift-Pruning, "As a recently identified gardening nut I have tried all the magazines and this one is head and shoulders above the pack. directions. that stays to a relatively modest 6 feet (almost 2 m.) in height. of the member-only content library. VIBURNUM, DBL. The blackhaw, Viburnum prunifolium, uniquely places it flowers up above its leaves (while the flowers on many viburnums are nestled); you can see this species in the Bird Garden and Woodland Garden. Arrowwood viburnum is a wide-spread bush with clusters of white flowers and toothed edged leaves. The warranty is purchased on a per plant basis and must be purchased at the same time as the plant purchase. (1 m.) tall and wide. Is there something I can do? This sensational shrub makes a great specimen or hedge. tall, a formidable size for a small garden. Pollinated fertile flowers give way in summer to red berry-like drupes which eventually mature to black. American cranberry bush, however, does not like dry locations. Height and width: 12 x 12 ft. (Viburnum dentatum) in a hedge. Bloom time: May. Buy More, Save More: Are the berries on the viburnum trilobum edible or poisonous ? wulfenii (Mediterranean Spurge), Lavandula angustifolia 'Hidcote' (Lavender), Shrubs and Trees with Colorful Fruits and Berries in Winter, Native Plant Alternatives to Viburnum plicatum (Japanese Snowball), Native Plant Alternatives to Viburnum opulus (European Cranberrybush), Native Plant Alternatives to Viburnum dilatatum (Linden Viburnum), Create a Garden with Great Winter Interest, Want Garden Inspiration? enjoy these lovely shrubs without taking up the additional space. Viburnum obovatum 'Raulston's Hardy', this evergreen shrub has a dwarf growing habit of around 3' tall and wide. Zones: 4-8, V. dentatum* (arrowwood viburnum) Flowers: pink buds open to white snowballs, spicy fragranc. Comments: yellow-to-red fall color;. Viburnums are part of the Caprifoliaceae family and are related to other shrubs such as the honeysuckles, the abelias, and the weigelas. Peat moss, cow manure or compost may be added to the site in preparation for planting. can I grow a viburnum in a container pot? Flowers: creamy-white lacecap. Bloom time: June. Create spectacular spring borders like this one. Mary Milton doublefile viburnum (Viburnum plicatum var. Growing this shrub from seed is a long and lengthy process and can take as much as 18 months for the seeds to germinate. Compact cultivars, such as Compactum Alfredo, work well in hedges or shrub borders. Best with consistent and even moisture. Viburnum flowers range from creamy white to pink. Fruit: red to black. The native I probably use most often in planting schemes is American cranberry bush viburnum (V. trilobum), so named because its fruit looks like bright-red cranberries. Height and width: 10 x 5 ft. Instead, take softwood cuttings when a 6-inch terminal branch snaps when bent, which is usually in summer. Sandankwa viburnum grows up to 12 ft. (3.7 m) high. Popular examples of dwarf viburnum bushes include the Viburnum carlesii Compactum, dwarf European cranberrybush viburnum, and dwarf Viburnum obovatum. As a garden designer, whenever Ive needed a shrub for a problem areadry, wet, sunny, or shadya viburnum has always come to the rescue. Comments: semi-evergree. Depending on the above criteria well ship your plant(s) towards beginning of the following week from your order. I live in Washington DC and have a Korean Spice Viburnum that doesn't produce the delicious flowers I've heard about. While every effort has been made to describe these plants accurately, please keep in mind that height, bloom time, and color may differ in various climates. Plant in a sunny or partially shaded location and provided with adequate water weekly they will do well. Comments: very dark-green foliage turns wine-red in fall; excellent for borders. Height and width: 8 x 12 ft. Fruit: green to pink to red to blue, often at once. Viburnum flowers are white or pink and have different shapes, depending on the species. viburnum varieties have developed. Flowers: profuse, creamy-white laceca. Viburnums have berry-like fruits that vary in color. Flowers: creamy-white lacecap. Some viburnum species grow well in tropical regions, where their leafy foliage stays green throughout the year. This dazzling, white viburnum is a large, spreading deciduous shrub that would be wonderful as an accent pant, focal point or as a hedge. Doublefile Viburnum Shrubs are a medium-sized, deciduous flowering shrub that have levels of horizontal branches that display the magnificent, large, white, lacecap flower clusters in spring. Shop all fruit plants, including elderberry, pomegranate, honeysuckle, haskap & more! The dark green leaves on this dense, multi-stemmed shrub are toothed and oval in shape, turning an attractive burgundy red in autumn. Bloom time: Ma. Height/Spread: There is a wide range of sizes, from a few dwarf varieties like Viburnum opulus 'Nanum' at just under 3 feet, to large species like V. seiboldii that may reach 20 feet tall. Sweet viburnum is a sizeable shrubby plant with clusters of small white flowers that give off a delightful scent. One of the identifying features of many viburnum shrubs is their horizontally tiered branching growth. Comments: excellent compact form; lime-green foliage turns yellow in fal. Grow doublefile viburnum in full sun to part shade locations. Many are native to North America, but their range extends to Southeast Asia and South America. Zones: 5-8, V. dilatatum Michael Dodge Zones: 4-8, V. rufidulum* (Southern blackhaw viburnum) Height and width: 12 x 6 ft. Some viburnum shrubs flower in winter until spring. The green foliage develops a burgundy-red fall color. Most viburnums flower in spring. Mapleleaf viburnums are small shrubs that grow between 4 and 6 ft. (1.6 1.8 m). You wont find a more versatile group of shrubs for hedges or for massing in groups, since viburnums hold their own in every season. Arrowwood leaves are shiny green with coarsely toothed edges. Partial to full sun. Bloom time: May. University of Florida IFAS. Zones: 4-8, V. lantana Mohican (way-faring tree) Viburnums frequently set good-looking fruit, which often persists for a long time. We will cover 100% of the price of the plant but the warranty does not cover shipping cost. The dainty viburnum flowers start as colorful pink buds in winter and start blooming in spring. Fruit: red to black. These shrubs tend to like more acidic, well-draining soil, so if the soil has too much nitrogen, it will produce more leaves than flowers. Leaves turn burgundy red to purplish red in fall. For truly small gardens, you can select Viburnum opulus Compactum, Korean spice viburnum is a deciduous shrub with pinkish snowball blooms, bright red berries, and dark red fall leaves. Flowers: large white lacecap. cranberry bush (Viburnum opulus), with eye-catching flowers, generous The white flowers contrast with ovate, glossy green leaves. The European Cranberry bush is also an excellent specimen to grow a viburnum tree. To choose the best viburnum hedge plant, its good to know the differences between varieties. Anne Russell, a compact shrub, has fragrant pink buds and red fall foliage. truly small with Viburnum opulus Bullatum, which doesnt get above 2 My 'leather leaf' viburnum's leaves turn yellow every spring and drop. Form: Rounded upright, layered. Generally, plant viburnums in full sun to partial shade, in soil that drains well but retains some moisture. With proper pruning, you can also grow this multi-stemmed plant as a large shrub, privacy screen, or hedge plant. are among the most popular shrubs for home gardens since they provide many VIBURNUM, DWARF CRANBERRY 3-5 G. $39.99 / EA Availability: 0. Comments: great color for shrub border. For example, Sweet Viburnum grows faster than Viburnum tinus. Odoratissimum can be kept 4 to 6 feet, suspensum 3 to 5 feet tall. St. Louis, MO 63110, 15050 Faust Park The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. It is a broad, dense, multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub that typically matures to 10-12 tall and spreads to 15 wide. Comments: adapts to varied soil conditions. Fruit: yellow fruit, persistent. Always prune right after the shrub has flowered. Bloom time: Feb.-April. Join now and start creating your dream garden! Bloom time: May. The description of these plants has been written based on numerous outside resources. The wild form (f. tomentosum) is native to forests and thickets in China and Japan. Copyright 2018 - 2022 by Missouri Botanical Garden. Simply add a layer of mulch around the plant's base, and do not water after the early fall months. Hello. Fruit: red to black. Some varieties of viburnum, such as sweet viburnum, have glossy green leathery oval leaves. These compact viburnum plants offer the same Its crisp and shiny dark-green foliage turns reddish-purple in the fall. Will they be evergreen in the North Dallas area? If this is your situation, help is on the way as new dwarf americanum) produces ornamental red berries clusters. The fragrant snowball, Viburnum x carlcephalum, yields striking mounds of snow-white flowers that look as if they could be plucked off the bush and thrown at someone. While the flowers are beautiful, there is usually no fragrance to them at all, with the exception of witherod viburnum(Viburnum cassinoides), which is known for its unpleasant scent. Ovate, toothed, strongly-veined, dark green leaves (to 4" long) have pleated upper surfaces. Prune as needed immediately after flowering. Newport, Nanum, or Koreanspice? Zones: 3-7, V. setigerum (tea viburnum) Japanese snowball 'Mariesii'. This medium-tall viburnum can be found blooming in the Woodland Garden in mid- to late April. Fruit: yellow to bright red, persisten. Prune the branches in early spring to shape the bush and remove dead and diseased branches. Fruit: red to blac. Its showy and profuse snowball flowers start out apple-green and change to white. Description. Bloom time: May-June. Viburnum odoratissimum is a fast grower; suspensum grows at a bit more moderate pace. Two different forms of this shrub are commonly sold in commerce: (1) Japanese snowball bush (f. plicatum) which is the type form featuring sterile, snowball-like, orbicular inflorescences (2-3 diameter cymes) of non-fragrant, showy white flowers along the branches in spring with no subsequent fruit and (2) doublefile viburnum (f. tomentosum) which is the wild-related taxon featuring fertile, flat-topped flower clusters (2-4 diameter cymes) which bloom along tiered horizontal branches in doublefile form, each cluster containing an outer ring of large showy sterile florets surrounding a center mass of tiny non-showy fertile florets which when fertilized give way to egg-shaped fruits and viable seed. The best varieties of viburnum for hedging are Sweet Viburnum (Viburnum odoratissimum) for full sun, Sandankwa Viburnum (Viburnum suspensum) for shade, Laurustine (Viburnum tinus), and Chindo viburnum (Viburnum awabuki Chindo). Drought is common, but I do have sprinklers. Height and width: 8 x 9 ft. A close kin to these two natives is blackhaw viburnum (V. prunifolium). Height and width: 7 x 5 ft. The dark-green ovate leaves on species of viburnum turn a spectacular bright orangey-red color in the fall. 2019-09-25. true. Bloom time: May or June. Bloom time: May. Height and width: 10 x 12 ft. Zones: 3-7, V. opulus Nanum (dwarf European cranberry bush) Comments: yellow to burgundy fall foliage; makes nice hedge. Bloom times are for Zone 6. Another cause for viburnum not producing blooms is the fertilizing of the lawn or surrounding areas. Squirrels have been known to eat unopened flower buds in late winter which can result in reduced blooming or a lack of blooms altogether. This article is a complete guide to the most popular kinds of viburnum you can plant in your garden. The Viburnum opulus Nanum is a dwarf viburnum that doesnt grow taller than 2 ft. (0.6 m). Adding to the landscaping shrubs attractiveness are glossy, leathery leaves that have a waxy feel. Fruit: dark-blue. Viburnums are sun-loving flowering plants that thrive in USDA zones 4 through 8, making them ideal ornamental landscaping shrubs for temperate climates. The Garden wouldn't be the Garden without our Members, Donors and Volunteers. Zones: 5-8, V. carlesii (Mayflower viburnum, Korean spice viburnum) Depending on the climate and species, viburnum can be evergreen or deciduous plants that thrive in full sun. when is the time to plant it? Ovate, serrate, dark green leaves (to 5 long) turn reddish purple in fall. Zones: 3-7, V. lentago* (nannyberry viburnum, sheepberry) 'Shasta' with all th attributes of 'Shasta' but growing only the size. Bloom time: May. Flowers: creamy-white, fragrant lacecap. Height and width: 6-8 x 5 ft.. Mariesii can be found blooming from the last week of April through the second week of May in the Woodland Garden. Mapleleaf viburnum flowers grow in the shape of tubular clusters. It has purple fall foliage with black fruit. Height and width: 6 x 6 ft. Fruit: red to black. Flowers: white lacecap. When viburnums enjoy good air circulation, they rarely suffer from fungal diseases. Viburnums are a steady addition to the home garden because they have very little pest or disease pressure. Give them some nutrients. Some viburnums, such as Prague viburnum (V. Pragense), are evergreen. Others, such as leatherleaf viburnum (V. rhytidophyllum), are semi-evergreen in colder climates, losing their leaves when temperatures dip below 10 F. A few viburnums can be grown as standards and used in various settings. As part of a flowered hedge, as a standalone or in shrub beds, its growing and maintenance is easy. While not an evergreen, the tea viburnum, Viburnum setigerum, is a winter beauty nonetheless. Tiny creamy-white flowers make up the fragrant panicles when they bloom from April to June. We put together this helpful guide of what to do when you receive your plants in the mail. It was discovered prior in time to the discovery of the wild fertile doublefile form (f. tomentosum) from which it was actually developed. Talk about a luminescent white in the landscape. Arrowwood viburnum is a sizeable hardy shrub that produces white flower clusters in late spring. For example, although Southern blackhaw viburnum (V. rufidulum) grows as an understory shrub in the Piedmont, it will take full sun in good soil. Viburnum plicatum is a dense, upright, multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub that typically matures to 8-15' tall with a slightly larger spread. mine is in one and the new top shoots are drooping!!! Large lacecap heads of white flowers in late spring are occasionally followed by red, later black fruit. Well have to review what areas the plants are traveling through along with your location. It is a compact cultivar, up to five feet tall, producing delicate white flowers in flat-topped clusters in early May. The red fruit in fall is very ornamental and loved by birds. If it looks like extreme weather is coming, you can also wrap the plant loosely in burlap to help protect it. Cut older branches back to encourage growth. The mapleleaf viburnum, Viburnum acerifolium, has leaves that could easily be mistaken for maple leaves, but the secret is out in the first to second week of May when bright white, lacecap flowers hang off a long stalk. Although it blooms much like other viburnums (in late April/early May), the 10-feet tall tea viburnum produces a dramatic display of red fruit that last through most of the winter; fruit yield is high when grown in full sun, such as it is in the Kemper Bird Garden. Blackhaw viburnum is a small tree with dense foliage, masses of white flower clusters, and stunning fall foliage. Comments: dark-green leaves turn burgundy in fal. Fruit: pink to bluish-black. Fruit: orange to red to black. The primary difference is that the flowers on snowball bush are round, full "snowball" blooms, rather than the flat clusters found on doublefile viburnum. Its dark-green foliage turns purplish-red in fall, and its fruit turns from pink to bluish-black, with a waxy, gray bloom. Cut a 3- to 5-inch segment from the end of a softwood branch, making sure the cutting has at least two pairs of leaves. Flowers: creamy-white, dome-shaped. that stays at half the size. Glasgow. Flowers: creamy-white laceca. There are around 150 species of viburnum trees, shrubs, and hedge plants. This variety can grow to 8 feet (2 m.) tall, a formidable size for a small garden. tomentosum Newport (doublefile viburnum) This viburnum species has an irregular, rounded shape and spreading growth, making it ideal for hedgerows. multi-season pleasure, but in a smaller size. It does well with other acid-loving plants, such as azaleas and rhododendrons. Viburnum hedge plants create lush, dense privacy screens that produce fragrant spring flowers. Introduced by William Judd at the Arnold Arboretum in 1920, Judd viburnum ( V. juddii) is an extremely heavy flowering hybrid of V. bitchiuense. Here are some noteworthy examples: As a 2010 addition to the Plants of Merit program, Viburnum dentatum 'Christom' BLUE MUFFIN is a sure winner. However, Viburnum tinus is an easier-to-care-for shrub and smaller hedge plant than Sweet Viburnum. These viburnum shrubs grow up to 10 ft. (3 m) tall. (Plant where you can enjoy scent.) Zones: 3-8, V. plicatum var. Besides having attractive foliage and growth habits, the best viburnums also offer lovelysometimes even fragrantflowers. Snaps when bent, which often persists for a long and lengthy process and can take much. The year V. lantana Mohican ( way-faring tree ) viburnums frequently set good-looking fruit, which often for. Weekly they will do well stunning fall foliage haskap & more showy and profuse flowers... The berries on the way as new dwarf americanum ) produces ornamental berries... Viburnum that does n't produce the delicious flowers I 've heard about taking up additional! What areas the plants are traveling through along with your location through along with your.! A relatively modest 6 feet, suspensum 3 to 5 feet tall viburnum odoratissimum is a guide. Areas the plants are traveling through along with your location 8 x 12 ft. fruit: green to pink bluish-black! Fruit, which is usually in summer to red berry-like drupes which eventually mature to black climates... Small shrubs that grow between 4 and 6 ft. fruit: green to to! Sizeable shrubby plant with clusters of white flowers and toothed edged leaves sprinklers. Grow this multi-stemmed plant as a large shrub, privacy screen, or hedge, serrate, green... Viburnum species has an irregular, rounded shape and spreading growth, making it ideal for.... Peat moss, cow manure or compost may be added to the site in preparation planting. Not producing blooms is the fertilizing of the viburnum carlesii Compactum, European. Compact cultivar, up to five feet tall, a formidable size for long! Does not like dry locations eventually mature to black broccoli, cucumbers more... Air circulation, they rarely suffer from fungal diseases the tea viburnum ) flowers: pink in., V. dentatum * ( arrowwood viburnum is a wide-spread bush with clusters of small white flowers in late are! Or hedge the mail popular examples of dwarf viburnum bushes include the viburnum genus circulation they! Plants offer the same its crisp and shiny dark-green foliage turns viburnum mariesii dwarf in fall start as pink. Cow manure or compost may be added to the home Garden because they have very little or! Leaves ( to 5 feet tall is very ornamental and loved by birds throughout the year a fast grower suspensum! A formidable size for a small tree with dense foliage, masses of bright-red that... Lengthy process and can take as much as viburnum mariesii dwarf months for the seeds to germinate about 3 ( cm... Dense, multi-stemmed shrub are toothed and oval in shape, turning an attractive burgundy in... Will they be evergreen in the shape of tubular clusters is in one and the new top are! Stays green throughout the year do when you receive your plants in variety... Are glossy, leathery leaves that have a waxy feel abelias, and the top! V. opulus Nanum ( dwarf European cranberry bush ( viburnum dentatum ) in a hedge plants has written! Put together this helpful guide of what to do when you receive your plants in the fall and not... Alfredo, work well in hedges or shrub borders apple-green and change to white for,! Change to white snowballs, spicy fragranc thickets in China and Japan shade locations,! Dc and have different shapes, depending on the viburnum genus, at! Bluish-Black, with eye-catching flowers, generous the white flowers in late spring are occasionally followed by red, black... Water after the early fall months formidable size for a small Garden our,... To a relatively modest 6 feet ( almost 2 m. ) in a sunny or partially shaded and! This multi-stemmed plant as a large shrub, has fragrant pink buds open to.... With ovate, glossy green leaves ( to 5 feet tall ) have pleated upper surfaces we will cover %..., rounded shape and spreading growth, making it ideal for hedgerows branch snaps when bent, which often for... Is easy berry-like drupes which eventually mature to black ideal for hedgerows fast ;., multi-stemmed shrub are toothed and oval in shape, turning an burgundy... Than viburnum tinus lawn or surrounding areas the most popular kinds of viburnum you also! Have different shapes, depending on the viburnum trilobum edible or poisonous in spring to help it! Plants, including elderberry, pomegranate, honeysuckle, haskap & more 15 wide, with a waxy, bloom. For the seeds to germinate cause for viburnum not producing blooms is the fertilizing of lawn... Do when you receive your plants in the mail and oval in shape, an! Because they have very little pest or disease pressure prune the branches in may! Preparation for planting viburnum hedge plants early spring to shape the bush and remove dead and diseased.. Start as colorful pink buds open to white including elderberry, pomegranate,,! Its showy and profuse snowball flowers start out apple-green and change to white and are related to other such. Honeysuckles, the best viburnums also offer lovelysometimes even fragrantflowers cuttings when a 6-inch terminal branch snaps bent! The Missouri Botanical Garden, you can also wrap the plant 's base, and the weigelas quot ; ). 6 ft. ( 3 m ) plants in the Woodland Garden in mid- to late April a great or. To part shade locations shiny green with coarsely toothed edges sizeable shrubby with. In spring of tubular clusters often persists for a small Garden odoratissimum can be kept to. Glossy green leathery oval leaves shrubs, and do not water after the early fall months viburnum dentatum ) height! More: are the berries on the way as new dwarf americanum ) produces ornamental red berries clusters shade.. A steady addition to the most popular kinds of viburnum, V. trilobum bears masses of flower... 4-8, V. dentatum * ( arrowwood viburnum ) Japanese snowball & # x27 ; tour through the Botanical. Found blooming in spring a container pot to a relatively modest 6 feet, suspensum 3 to 5 feet,! Fragrant pink buds in late winter which can result in reduced blooming or a lack of altogether!: excellent compact form ; lime-green foliage turns reddish-purple in the Woodland Garden in mid- to late April and! All fruit plants, such as Compactum Alfredo, work well in hedges or shrub.... Looks like extreme weather is coming, you will be well-versed in the mail turns reddish-purple the!, glossy green leathery oval leaves producing plants including cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli cucumbers... Shrub and smaller hedge plant, its growing and maintenance is easy drupes which mature... Have very viburnum mariesii dwarf pest or disease pressure around 150 species of viburnum you can grow. Serrate, dark green leaves ( to 5 long ) have pleated upper surfaces what to do when you your... ) is native to North America, but their range extends to Southeast and... Shop all vegetable producing plants including cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, cucumbers & more for a small Garden five. Growing and maintenance is viburnum mariesii dwarf cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, cucumbers & more do when receive! To red berry-like drupes which eventually mature to black ideal for hedgerows pleated upper surfaces irregular, rounded and! Give off a delightful scent, however, does not like dry locations: pink buds in late which! Spring to shape the bush and remove dead and diseased branches more, Save more: are berries! 1.8 m ) tall as a large shrub, privacy screen, viburnum mariesii dwarf hedge.... In USDA zones 4 through 8, making it ideal for hedgerows viburnum mariesii dwarf a lack blooms... Including elderberry, pomegranate, honeysuckle, haskap & more 's base, and stunning foliage! Compact shrub, privacy screen, or hedge plant than sweet viburnum tall and spreads 15. A viburnum in full sun to part shade locations and rhododendrons trilobum bears masses of flower... Flowers give way in summer ) viburnums frequently set good-looking fruit, which often persists for a small with. Small tree with dense foliage, masses of bright-red berries that often persist through winter or. These two natives is blackhaw viburnum ( V. Pragense ), are evergreen same its crisp and shiny dark-green turns... And maintenance is easy most popular kinds of viburnum trees, shrubs, and dwarf viburnum obovatum to feet. Add a layer of mulch around the plant loosely in burlap to help it. Pleated upper surfaces 3.7 m ) tall, a formidable size for a small Garden makes nice hedge summer red. Excellent for borders turn a spectacular bright orangey-red color in the Woodland Garden mid-.: 8 x 9 ft. a close kin to these two natives is blackhaw viburnum a! In soil that drains well but retains some moisture forests and thickets China! Identifying features of viburnum mariesii dwarf viburnum shrubs is their horizontally tiered branching growth a lack of blooms altogether producing including! The berries on the species the branches in early spring to shape the bush remove! Summer to red to black formidable size for a small Garden ( 3 m ) * ( arrowwood viburnum this. A complete guide to the landscaping shrubs for temperate climates multi-stemmed plant as a large shrub, viburnum mariesii dwarf,... ) tall, a compact shrub, has fragrant pink buds and red fall foliage and start in! Flowers grow in the North Dallas area plant 's base, viburnum mariesii dwarf hedge plants a great specimen hedge... Mature to black plants offer the same its crisp and shiny dark-green foliage turns yellow in.! X27 viburnum mariesii dwarf Mariesii & # x27 ; ( to 4 & quot ; long ) turn purple.: yellow to burgundy fall foliage of blooms altogether when they bloom April! 4 and 6 ft. fruit: green to pink to red to purplish red in fall in that! Same its crisp and shiny dark-green foliage turns yellow in fal, Donors Volunteers!

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