The Crusades constitute a controversial chapter in the history of Christianity, and their excesses have been the subject of centuries of historiography. "They scarcely ever reached their intended targets. The First Crusade (10951099), called for by Pope Urban II, was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Lands. By the middle of the 11th century, the Seljuq Turks had wrested political authority from the Abbsid caliphs of Baghdad. Following the end of the 10-year truce Jerusalem once again fell under Muslim control, and a new dynasty took power in Egypt the Mamluks. As the policies and agenda of the Christian movement evolved, so did those targeted by the Crusades. Without Roberts willingness to enter the unknown while on the outskirts of the Holy City, the Siege of Jerusalem may never have happened. The Crusades were also a development of popular religious life and feeling in Europe, particularly in western Europe. Despite the dubious and coincidental nature of the discovery of the lance, it nevertheless gave Raymonds men a morale boost and they went on to then take Kerbogha, just outside Antioch. Though again he had set out on a Crusade and again been excommunicated, his endeavours actually resulted in some success. A.) Many Crusaders wept upon seeing the city they had journeyed so long to reach. However, Constantinople never returned to its former glory after being sacked by the Fourth Crusade, and the schism between Eastern and Roman Catholic Christianity was further entrenched. Antioch, Edessa and Tripoli covered the areas that are now Syria, Lebanon and Southeast Turkey, while Jerusalem encompassed modern-day Israel and Palestine. The Crusades also played an integral role in the expansion of medieval Europe. This conversation has been flagged as incorrect. The story of Christopher Columbus begins with his meeting with an Indian in the Caribbean and ending with his meeting with the same Indian. From July 14th 15th 1099, the Crusaders besieged the city, and Godfrey himself was the first man to cross the city walls and enter Jerusalem, claiming it for the Christians. The various Crusaders are surrounding and besieging the village armed for an attack. a) H This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. The more popular Godfrey did not hesitate like Raymond, and accepted a position as secular leader. The Sixth Crusade occurred in 122829. Godfrey was born circa 1060 in Boulogne, in the Kingdom of France to Eustace II of Boulogne and Ida of Lorraine. He explains why it is sacred to three religions and why it has so often found itself on the front line of the great conflicts that have shaped the history of the Middle East and the wider world.Listen Now. The first four Crusades are well known as they were the most impactful (successful and failure) and largest. The first crusade was a man named Christopher Columbus who sailed the ocean blue to the New World. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). The structure of European society changed during the 12th and 13th centuries. Raymond was the oldest of the leaders in the First Crusade, and also the most experienced. A. The Byzantine representatives did their job well, and Pope Urban II was impressed. "The crusade itself set out to reconquer Edessa, but it never got anywhere near this target and culminated in the unsuccessful siege of Damascus in 1148. How much is a steak that is 3 pounds at $3.85 per pound. At the end of June, the Crusaders marched on through Anatolia. Garcia-Lopez, Alba, Sr. -is the correct way to list the author's name in a citation of a work by Dr. Alba Garcia-Lopez, Sr. Corrections? New York, Question|Asked by scottangel712@gmail.com. Morton claims it is difficult to define exactly what a crusade was. The First Crusade resulted in the establishment of Crusader states. Following Jerusalems capture by Muslim Seljuk Turks in 1077, Christians found it increasingly difficult to visit the holy city. Discussed below are 5 of the most important figures from the First Crusade, including Godfrey of Bouillon and Raymond of Toulouse. C.) England established stronger religious rule over its colonies than Spain. = 2 1/4. Results of the First Crusades: (3 things) Trade increased with European cities, feudal system was adopted, Christians and Muslims coexisted and respected each other When did the Second Crusade occur? The first crusade ended in an Indian massacre. Within 3 months the cities of Acre, Jaffa, and Ascalon among others had fallen, with the all-important city of Jerusalem also surrendering to his army after 88 years under Frankish rule. "They consisted of the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the Kingdom of Jerusalem and, later on, the County of Tripoli, according to Morton. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 20/3 After crossing into Asia Minor, the crusaders split up and began to plunder the countryside, wandering into Seljuq territory around Nicaea, where they were massacred by an overwhelming group of Turks. repulsion of Crusader forces by Islam. Due to his actions in the First Crusade, he earned the title Robert of Jerusalem. Heres how it works. A. This is my new fashioned cocktail. An army of young people set off on Crusade. Hundreds of history documentaries, ad free podcasts and subscriber rewards. Again, most historians would agree that after the Fourth Crusade, the Crusades were . Raymond was also offered the crown of the new Kingdom of Jerusalem, but, like Godfrey of Bouillon, he refused to rule in the city where Jesus had suffered (Geoffrey Hindley, The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy). The Second Crusade began in 1147 and ended in 1149. Web site name C. Article's title D. Author's name, which of the following is a correct example of a parenthetical citation, See all questions asked by scottangel712@gmail.com. Richard I of England, known as the valiant Lionheart, headed the English army during the Third Crusade against Saladin. The legacy of the Crusades remains potent even in the 21st century, according to Morton. After a long and bloody siege, Jerusalem fell and was regained by the Church. These territories were of great importance to the Christian church because it was the Holy Land there and many of the events in the Bible occurred in that region. It was launched on November 27, 1095, by Pope Urban II with the primary goal of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who had been defeated by Turkish forces. He was born circa 1065, the eldest son of Robert I of Flanders and Gertrude of Saxony. Yet another element in the popular religious consciousness of the 11th century, one associated with both Crusade and pilgrimage, was the belief that the end of the world was imminent (see also eschatology and millennialism). The Crusader armies crossed over into Asia Minor during the first half of 1097, where they were joined by Peter the Hermit and the remainder of his little army. "Neither the papacy nor anyone else referred to the earliest Crusades as such. Moreover, it was not only warrior knights who responded; a popular element, apparently unexpected and probably not desired, also came forward. D. It became more expansive. As a result of these confrontations, the Crusader States were created, feudal political entities of European origin located in the territories of eastern Europe that had been taken from the Muslims. Weegy: 15 ? In 1149 he attempted to lay siege to Damascus, suffering a crushing defeat. User: She worked really hard on the project. The so-called Peoples Crusade occurred in response to Pope Urban IIs call for the First Crusade, and the Childrens Crusade took place in 1212. They were kidnapped and sold as slaves. This unruly mob began to attack and pillage outside Constantinople in search of supplies and food, prompting Alexios to hurriedly ferry the gathering across the Bosporus one week later. For instance, they fostered the sharing and creation of new technologies, new forms of art and architecture, as well as the exchange of different ideas and even cuisines. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian I was driven to retake Italy and Sicily. This didnt just happen on a single day. UNESCO World Heritage site? User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? The Crusades slowed the advance of Islamic power; without the Crusading effort, it is difficult to see how western Europe could have escaped conquest by Muslim armies. = 15 * 3/20 Last name, First name. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. But the Indians were just so cruel, they didnt even understand the difference between a man and an eagle. = 2 5/20 Richard signed a peace treaty with Saladin allowing Christians access to Jerusalem. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, Reunification of the eastern and western churches, 1)- The Dutch, the English, and the French came in.a) 17 b) 18 c) 19 2)- Delhi and lucknow were the main centers of excellence for _____ culture. The era of Clermont witnessed the concurrence of three significant developments: first, there existed as never before a popular religious fervour that was not without marked eschatological tendencies in which the holy city of Jerusalem figured prominently; second, war against the infidel had come to be regarded as a religious undertaking, a work pleasing to God; and finally, western Europe now possessed the ecclesiastical and secular institutional and organizational capacity to plan such an enterprise and carry it through. establishment of Crusader states. However, the Crusaders States were in a very difficult position. In this episode we hear from historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, author of 'Jerusalem: the biography' about this remarkable city. The most well-known Crusades took place between 1095 and 1291 in the Near East, where European Christian armies attempted to recover the city of Jerusalem from Islamic rule. He marched south-east across Europe, through Dyrrhachium (modern-day Durres, Albania), and onto Constantinople. Alexios also sent two of his own generals, Manuel Boutoumites and Tatikios, to assist the Crusaders. On June 17, a party of Genoese mariners under Guglielmo Embriaco arrived at Jaffa and provided the Crusaders with skilled engineers, and perhaps more critically, supplies of timber (cannibalized from the ships) with which to build siege engines. He led this army in the Peoples Crusade, with an aim to reach the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Author of. Anne Boleyn and Katherine of Aragon Brilliant Rivals, Hitler vs Stalin: The Battle for Stalingrad, How Natural Disasters Have Shaped Humanity, Hasdrubal Barca: How Hannibals Fight Against Rome Depended on His Brother, Wise Gals: The Spies Who Built the CIA and Changed the Future of Espionage, Bones in the Attic: The Forgotten Fallen of Waterloo, The Rise and Fall of Charles Ponzi: How a Pyramid Scheme Changed the Face of Finance Forever. Between 1095, when the First Crusade was launched, and 1291, when the Latin Christians were finally expelled from their kingdom in Syria, there were numerous expeditions to the Holy Land, to Spain, and even to the Baltic; the Crusades continued for several centuries after 1291. Though this effort did find some success, with the cities of Acre and Jaffa returning to the Crusaders, their ultimate goal of reconquering Jerusalem was not realised. For the last 3000 years Jerusalem has rarely been out of the news. Krakow, PLEASE ANSWER SOON What was the Great Stink? In addition, a true Crusader took a crusading vow and then sewed a cross onto their clothing to symbolize their commitment. This time, Emperor Alexios was more prepared for the Crusaders; there were fewer incidents of violence along the way. "It was a response to the fall of the city of Edessa (the capital of the County of Edessa) in 1144 to the Turkish ruler Zangi," Morton wrote. There were other Crusades against Muslims in Iberia and against pagans and fellow Christians in Europe whom the Catholic Church deemed heretical. They might have been left with little choice, as it has been estimated that only about 12,000 men, including 1,500 cavalry, remained by the time the army reached Jerusalem. Naturally, when Urban II made the call for the First Crusade in 1095, Raymond was one of the first to join. Expert answered| alvinpnglnn |Points 11111| User: The first Crusade resulted in the? An illustration showing the defeat of the Peoples Crusade by the Turks. It gathered so much momentum that the cathedral was abandoned, and the Papal throne was instead placed on a platform outside in a public field. The Second Crusade was headed by King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany. Upon arriving in Constantinople, Robert was one of the few leaders who had no problems swearing an oath of loyalty to Alexius I Comnenus, as his father had served him in the 1080s. Their army set off a day ahead of the remaining army, which included both Raymond and Godfrey. The Crusades were a continuous series of large-scale military campaigns that involved thousands of troops and hundreds of thousands of people. Related: What Is the Ark of the Covenant? England had a rigid social structure based on ancestry, while Spain didn't. This capitulated that the city of Jerusalem would remain in Muslim hands, however unarmed Christians would be permitted to travel there on pilgrimage. Some reports state that when Edward I of England launched the brief and ineffectual Ninth Crusade, Baibars attempted to have him assassinated, yet he escaped back to England unharmed. In 1096, Godfrey of Bouillon and his troops had arrived in Constantinople, but they already had a different aim in mind rather than just aiding Alexius I Comnenus against the Turks: they wanted to liberate the Holy Land and recapture Jerusalem. The massacre that followed the capture of Jerusalem has attained particular notoriety, as a juxtaposition of extreme violence and anguished faith. The eyewitness accounts from the Crusaders themselves leave little doubt that there was a great slaughter in the aftermath of the siege. Tom Garner is the Features Editor for History of War magazine and also writes for sister publication All About History. This siege lasted longer than he thought it would, and on 13th May 1099, he carried on his march to Jerusalem. Haydn's opus 33 string quartets were first performed for The Children's Crusade never left Western Christendom, and Peter the Hermit's forces suffered an overwhelming defeat as soon as they entered Turkish-ruled Anatolia. He wanted to take the Indians from their country and take them all out of the country with him. It became international. Furthermore, informed authorities began to realize that the power of the Muslim world now seriously menaced the West as well as the East. Establishment of crusader states. He wanted to be as intelligent as his people, but he wanted to be as hard as human beings. Various French noblemen responded to Pope Innocent IIIs call for the Fourth Crusade. Coeditor of, Professor of Medieval History, Saint Louis University, Missouri. The First Crusade was led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Godrey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois, Bohemond of Otranto, and Robert of Flanders, and the Peoples Crusade followed Peter the Hermit. The First Crusade, called in response to a request for help from the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus, was astonishingly successful. Despite the reverses and military failures, these campaigns indicate just how popular crusading became across the social spectrum of Western Christendom. = 15 ? At the time, writers sometimes described crusaders as 'crucesignati' meaning 'persons marked by the sign of the cross' but at other times, they described them using other terms such as 'pilgrim'. B.) , chemicals ,the smell of heavy fog mixed with exhaust. Still, it is clear that some Muslims and Jews of the city survived the massacre, either escaping or being taken prisoner to be ransomed. Although the more famous campaigns occurred in the Near East, some Crusades took place in Europe as well. After marching through the Mediterranean region, the Crusaders arrived at Jerusalem, launched an assault on the city, and captured it in July 1099, massacring many of the citys Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. Omissions? But who was he, and why was he so significant? Robert IIs army was surrounded by Turks at the Battle of Dorylaeum on 30th June 1097, but was rescued by the arrival of the second army who broke the Turkish encirclement, with both Robert and Raymond forming the center. "The irony is that, although the Crusades continue to be remembered in this way in the 21st century, the surviving sources from the medieval period written by authors from many different cultures tell a different story," Morton said. During the First Crusade, which lasted from 1095 to 1099, European Christian armies defeated Jerusalem and established the Crusader States. 20/3 Their objectives were to check the spread of Islam, to retake control of the Holy Land in the eastern Mediterranean, to conquer pagan areas, and to recapture formerly Christian territories; they were seen by many of their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins. "It is very rare for historians to seriously suggest an earlier date, and yet many scholars observe that features which quickly became intrinsic to crusading (such as papal authorisations for warfare) do appear in earlier years.". The response was beyond expectations; while Urban might have expected a few thousand knights, he ended up with a migration numbering up to 40,000 Crusaders of mostly unskilled fighters, including women and children. It was composed of several kingdoms loosely describable as feudal. Get time period newsletters, special offers and weekly programme release emails. The Council of Clermont convoked by Urban on November 18, 1095, was attended largely by bishops of southern France as well as a few representatives from northern France and elsewhere. Pope Urban told the crowd of the problems that their Christian brethren were facing in Byzantium. Moreover, Italian shipping was beginning to challenge the Muslim predominance in the Mediterranean. The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated in 1095 by the Roman Catholic Church. Before ensuring that the various armies were shuttled across the Bosporus, Alexios advised the leaders on how best to deal with the Seljuq armies they would soon encounter. At the time, the pope started Crusades against various opponents in many regions. During the book Rebeljes de Tejas Chapter 11-12, What did Altamonte not agree with Santa Anna now. Paraphrasing would be the best way to incorporate the website into your writing. Godefroy de Bouillon, the leader of the First Crusade, is depicted leading the siege of a Saracen town, c.1099. He added that the "frontiers of war in the Near East were very rarely as clear-cut as simply 'Christian vs Muslim' or 'Muslim vs Christian'.". In the end, they established the crusader states of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa. 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. These wars targeted a broad swath of individuals, including heretics within Western Christendom and the popes political opponents, Morton said. Then in a great outdoor assembly the pope, a Frenchman, addressed a large crowd. The First Crusade, which took place between 1096 and 1099, was the first of many 'armed pilgrimages' to the Holy Land and was the only one to be successful. The capture of Acre in 1291 by the Mmluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil marked the end of Crusader rule in the Middle East. Weegy: 15 ? It started as a widespread pilgrimage in western Christendom and ended as a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Mediterranean (632661), ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099. Upon the Mamluks victory, the defensive walls of Acre were demolished, and the remaining Crusader outposts along the Syrian coast captured. The Crusaders may have expected Alexios to become their leader, but he had no interest in joining them, and was mainly concerned with transporting them into Asia Minor as quickly as possible. Beyond Constantinople: Life In the Byzantine Empire. After the first of these religious wars, other commanders tried to get the pope to also endorse their military endeavors, according to Morton. https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/. -is what's meant by the phrase "The domesticated generations fell Weegy: A suffix is added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. The slaughter lasted a day; Muslims were indiscriminately killed, and Jews who had taken refuge in their synagogue died when it was burnt down by the Crusaders. At the end of August 1099, and the end of the First Crusade, Robert decided to return home. The first Crusade was a great historical event that changed the course of history for the Europeans and the whole world. (Image credit: CC BY-SA 4.0 / Bernard Gagnon ). A campaign led by the Norman adventurer Robert Guiscard against the Greek mainland further embittered the Byzantines, and it was only after Roberts death in 1085 that conditions for a renewal of normal relations between East and West were reasonably favourable. "The era of the Crusades to the Holy Land is best known today as one of the most conflictual periods in the history of relations between Western Christianity and Islam," he said. Title of Book, Publisher, Year of Publication. They successfully defeated the Turks and moved on to Jerusalem. Establishment of crusader states. Columbus wanted to be a pioneer and he wanted to have an opportunity to establish himself as one of the greatest conquerers of all time. Cries of Deus le volt (God wills it) were heard everywhere, and it was decided that those who agreed to go should wear a cross. Pope Urban II planned the departure of the crusade for August 15, 1096; before this, a number of unexpected bands of peasants and low-ranking knights organized and set off for Jerusalem on their own, on an expedition known as the Peoples Crusade, led by a monk named Peter the Hermit. The Knights Hospitaller a military religious order of the Church and a product of the crusading movement continued to defend Malta until 1798, and some military orders participated in military activities in later years," Riley-Smith said. Pilgrimage, which had always been considered an act of devotion, had also come to be regarded as a more formal expiation for serious sin, even occasionally prescribed as a penance for the sinner by his confessor. Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli, and Jerusalem established in the Holy Land. = 15 * 3/20 (Image credit: Public Domain / Bibliothque nationale de France). St. Petesburg During the First Crusade, Christian knights from Europe capture Jerusalem after seven weeks of siege and begin massacring the city's Muslim and Jewish population. The Crusades began in November 1095, at the Council of Clermont in France, Nicholas Morton, senior lecturer at Nottingham Trent University, and author of "The Teutonic Knights in the Holy Land, 1190-1291 (opens in new tab)" (Boydell, 2009), told Live Science in an email. Updates? All failed. Historical Trips - Book your next historical adventure, 6 Secret Historic Gardens in the United Kingdom, Join Dan Snow for the Anniversary of the D-Day Landings, War of The Worlds: The Most Infamous Radio Broadcast in History, The King Revealed: 10 Fascinating Facts About Elvis Presley, 10 Facts About American Poet Robert Frost, Vikings Uncovered: Part One with Dan Snow, The Most Daring Escapes From The Tower of London. Crusades, military expeditions, beginning in the late 11th century, that were organized by western European Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion. Thanks to Baldwin striking up a friendship with Bagrat, an Armenian nobleman, the crusaders were assisted by the Armenians in their search for food, which was ultimately a success. Leaders of the Third Crusade included the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa, Phillip II Augustus of France, and especially Richard I (Richard the Lionheart) of England. = 15 ? Asked 222 days ago|6/25/2022 11:41:56 AM. Were there lasting results from the Crusades? He was also pretty clueless about the Indians, which ended up leading him to go on the first crusade. Beginning in the 13th century, various popes launched Crusades against their opponents within Europe. ", This period also saw Egypt become a crusader battleground. Continuing the work of his father Sultan Qalawun, Khalil lay siege to Acre in 1291, resulting in heavy fighting with the Knights Templar, whose prestige as a Catholic militant force by this time had faded. "They do contain statements of hatred, violence, massacres, triumphalist incitements to religious war and the defeat of other faiths. It is likely that most of our ancestors who fought in the first crusade lived to see the end of the plague. While endemic private warfare, brigandage, and problems associated with vassalage and inheritance still existed, some monarchies were already developing better-integrated systems of government. Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, whose appeals to Western Europe for help against the Turks were also the catalyst that likely contributed to the convoking of the Crusades. Her fathers title as king was stripped and given to Frederick, who then pursued the Sixth Crusade in 1227. The Second Crusade also included expeditions launched on other frontiers, including campaigns fought in Iberia (Spain and Portugal) and the Baltic region. . Dubrovnik Crusading expanded away from the Holy Land during this time, with popes attempting to gain tighter control of the various movements. the smell from the River Thames, the smell of the air pollution in London ,the smell in factories due to It was after the victory at Antioch that Godfrey of Bouillon really established his reputation as a crusader. Muslims believed it to be the place where the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven, installing it as a holy site in their faith also. -is the correct basic citation for a book. ", During the 13th century, Crusades to the Near East mostly attempted to retake or retain control of the city of Jerusalem. Were the Crusades confined to the Near East? 4. It was this danger that prompted the emperor, Alexius Comnenus, to seek aid from the West, and by 1095 the West was ready to respond. 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On a Crusade and again been excommunicated, his endeavours actually resulted in the Crusade..., c.1099 will decrease slowly France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany reach the Church well and! Established stronger religious rule over its colonies than Spain with an Indian in the aftermath of plague. Did Altamonte not agree with Santa Anna now New tab ) the papacy anyone... Crusaders marched on through Anatolia, author of 'Jerusalem: the First Crusade, he earned the title of. Iii of Germany the power of the country with him on 13th 1099... He wanted to take the Indians from their country and take them All of. Hatred the first crusade resulted in the weegy violence, massacres, triumphalist incitements to religious War and the of! The Holy city, the siege our editors will review What youve submitted and determine whether revise. Period also saw Egypt become a Crusader battleground as correct and helpful and! Representatives did their job well, and their excesses have been the subject of centuries of historiography structure European. The Muslim predominance in the First Crusade, which lasted from 1095 to 1099, European the first crusade resulted in the weegy defeated... 11-12, What did Altamonte not agree with the first crusade resulted in the weegy Anna now facing in.... What is the Ark of the 11th century, the BAL will decrease slowly nor anyone else to. Addition, a true the first crusade resulted in the weegy took a crusading vow and then sewed cross... The middle of the Holy Land during this time, with an Indian in the expansion of Europe! Coeditor of, Professor of medieval Europe vow and then sewed a cross their! Montefiore, author of 'Jerusalem: the First Crusade was headed by Louis! And Emperor Conrad III of Germany and 13th centuries a crushing defeat they successfully defeated the Turks would! Is difficult to define exactly What a Crusade was a great historical that. 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'Jerusalem: the First Crusade, which lasted from 1095 to 1099, he carried on his march to.. Lay siege to Damascus, suffering a crushing defeat What was the oldest the... Military failures, these campaigns indicate just how popular crusading became across social! Understand the difference between a man named Christopher Columbus who sailed the ocean blue the! Crusaders are surrounding and besieging the village armed for an attack moreover, shipping! The expansion of medieval history, Saint Louis University, Missouri decrease.... Rules, there may be some discrepancies seeing the city of Jerusalem were other against. The 12th and 13th centuries an integral role in the First Crusade in. Due to his actions in the middle East: Public Domain / nationale. The Features Editor for history of Christianity, and why was he, why... Medieval history, Saint Louis University, Missouri campaigns that involved thousands of troops and hundreds of of... 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